Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i (Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication, 2 Vol. Set). Honolulu, HI

Flora of Hawaii:  

Distribution    
In the Hawaiian Islands, endemic to Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa, Ni`ihau, Kaua`i, O`ahu, Moloka`i, Lana`i, Maui, Kaho`olawe, Hawai`i.

Habit
Scentless to weakly scented shrubs, sometimes tree-like; stems erect or sometimes ascending or prostrate, 5-20(-30) dm long, branched, usually densely grayish mealy pubescent, sometimes young growth greener and only sparsely mealy pubescent.

Leaves
Leaves thick and somewhat fleshy, broadly deltate to rhombic, (1.5-)2-4.2(-10) cm long, (0.6-)1.3-2.5(-5.5) cm wide, both surfaces densely mealy pubescent, but upper surface less so and greener than lower surface, usually 3-lobed, sometimes sinuate-dentate, the lobes or teeth obtuse to rounded, base truncate to cuneate, petioles (0.5-)1.3-2.5(-4.5) cm long. 

Flowers
Flowers in small, dense glomerules grouped into large, terminal, leafless or nearly leafless panicles; calyx ca. 0.8 mm long, completely enclosing the fruit at maturity, the lobes ovate, mealy pubescent, margins scarious, especially toward apex. 

Seeds
Seed dark brown, horizontal or sometimes vertical, ca. 0.8 mm in diameter, the surface papillose, margins indistinct. 

Chromosomes
2n = 36*